Articulation – The clear and precise production of speech sounds. Phonology – The study of speech sounds and their patterns. Fluency – The smoothness or flow of speech, often related to stuttering. Language delay – A delay in acquiring language skills. Expressive language – The ability to convey thoughts, ideas, and emotions through speech or writing. Receptive language – The ability to understand language, whether spoken or written. Aphasia – A disorder that affects speech and language abilities, often caused by brain injury or stroke. Stuttering – A speech disorder characterized by disruptions in the normal flow of speech. Speech sound disorder – Difficulty producing speech sounds correctly or fluently. Voice disorders – Conditions that affect the pitch, volume, or quality of the voice. Speech therapy assessments – Tools and tests used to diagnose speech or language issues. Cognitive-communication disorders – Difficulty with thinking and using language in communication. Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) – Methods of communication other than speaking, such as sign language or communication devices. Swallowing disorders (Dysphagia) – Problems related to eating, drinking, or swallowing. Pragmatics – The social use of language, including conversation skills and understanding nonverbal cues.